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administration, etc. by relevant jurisdictions. Through the analysis and comparison of
the characteristics of the international VAT system and the experience exchange of
relevant jurisdictions in response to the digital economy, it is expected to provide
valuable insights of tax legislation and reform practices for more BRI jurisdictions.

There are seven courses under this subtopic. Relevant Theory of VAT mainly
introduces the basic concept, theoretical evolution, main types and development
trends of VAT. Internationally-Recognized Basic Principles of VAT tells relevant
principles of VAT, such as the neutrality principle and the destination principle.
Jurisdiction Practice of VAT shares characteristics, as well as legislation and
administration of VAT in relevant jurisdictions. Comparison of VAT Systems in the
BRI Jurisdictions focuses on the relevant elements of VAT, evaluates and analyzes
the VAT systems of representative BRI jurisdictions, and explores the adaptability and
development direction of tax system under different social and economic forms. In
Characteristics and Development Trend of the International VAT System,
participants are presented with the current situation and characteristics of the
international VAT, as well as its development trend under the digital economy. VAT
Credit Refund Regime and Tax Rebate Management introduces the design
philosophy of the VAT credit refund regime, the current VAT credit refund policy,
VAT credit refund service and management, and the comparison of VAT credit refund
regimes in major jurisdictions. Design and Management of Cross-Border Trade VAT
System under the Digital Economy focuses on challenges brought by the digital
economy to cross-border trade VAT system, seeks the countermeasures, and explores
the corresponding VAT system and management mechanism.

2.1.2 Income Taxes

Widely levied around the world, income taxes have vital functions such as raising
fiscal revenue and regulating income distribution. The subtopic of income taxes
introduces Corporate Income Tax (hereinafter referred to as “CIT”) and Individual
Income Tax (hereinafter referred to as “IIT”), covering the principles, theories and
elements of the two main income taxes and focusing on the system design and best
practices of each jurisdiction. By discussing topical issues and the trends of income
taxes, it is expected to provide insights for the BRI Jurisdictions.

There are five courses under this subtopic. Overview of Corporate Income Tax
mainly introduces the basic concepts, principles, scope and accounting methods of
CIT. Overview of Individual Income Tax covers basic concepts, principles, scope and
accounting methods of IIT. Jurisdiction Practice of Corporate Income Tax shares
specific practices of CIT in relevant jurisdictions, including system design, major
policies, tax administration, development trends and reform directions. Jurisdiction
Practice of Individual Income Tax shares experience, practices and development
trends of IIT system design and administration in relevant jurisdictions. Research on
Topical Issues of Income Taxes illustrates the characteristics and development trends
of income taxes system from an international perspective, with relevant topical issues
being discussed as well.

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